Screening of Non-Communicable Diseases and their Risk Factors among Tuberculosis Patients in Delhi: A Mix Method Study

Background: India has the highest burden of tuberculosis in the world. It is experiencing an increasing burden of noncommunicable diseases, thereby facing a dual disease burden. Recent evidence shows an association between TB and noncommunicable diseases like diabetes, CVD and chronic respiratory infections. Aims and Objectives: To assess the feasibility of screening for NCDs and risk factors for NCDs among patients with TB in DOTS centers of a medical college in Delhi and ascertain challenges for the same among providers and patients. Methodology: It was a mixed-methods study with a quantitative component (cross-sectional study using questionnaires, anthropometric measurements and records review) and a qualitative component (descriptive study using interview data). Results: Among the 139 patients screened, ten new cases of hypertension and six new patients were diagnosed with DM. Outof- pocket expenditure for tests was a concern of the patients. Health care providers found the screening tool easy to use but were apprehensive about increased workload Conclusion: The study provide useful visions for incorporating NCDs into routine TB care through DOTS centers under RNTCP/NTEP.

Diagnostic and Treatment Delay among New Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients in Southern India: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: Delay in diagnosis and treatment enhances tuberculosis (TB) transmission and mortality. Understanding causes for delay can help in TB elimination by 2025, the stated goal of India. Objectives: Estimate diagnostic and treatment delay in Ernakulam district of Kerala, identify associated factors, and determine health-seeking behavior and knowledge regarding TB among new pulmonary TB patients. Materials and Methods: Community-based cross-sectional study among the new pulmonary TB patients registered under Revised National TB Control Program. Patients interviewed in-person and data collected using pretested semi-structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics expressed as frequency, percent, interquartile range, median, and mean. The Chi?square test was used to assess statistical significance (P < 0.05) of association. Backward conditional method logistic regression done using variables with P < 0.2 in univariate analysis and adjusting for possible confounders. Results: Two hundred and twenty-nine patients interviewed and the median patient, health-care system, and treatment delay were 25 days, 22 days, and 1 day, respectively. While the patient delay (>30 days) and treatment delay (>2 days) were seen in 47.6% and 41% of patients, respectively, health?care system delay was seen in 79.9% of the patients. Choosing pharmacy for initial treatment (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 5.217), unskilled occupation (aOR = 3.717), female gender (aOR = 3.467), previously not heard about TB (aOR = 3.410), and lower education level (aOR = 2.774) were the independent predictors of the patient delay. Visiting two or more doctors (aOR = 5.855) and initially visiting a doctor of undergraduate qualification (aOR = 3.650) were the independent predictors of health?care system delay. The diagnosis in private sector (aOR = 8.989), not being admitted (aOR = 3.441), and age above 60 years (aOR = 0.394) was the independent predictors of treatment delay. Conclusion: Initial treatment from pharmacy, consulting multiple physicians, and diagnosis by private sector cause significant delay in diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary TB.

Predictors Of Catastrophic Costs Of Tuberculosis (TB) Among Patients Co-Affected With TB-HIV And TB-Diabetes In Bhavnagar Region, Western India

Background: By the year 2030, no family with a patient of tuberculosis (TB) is supposed to incur cata-strophic costs. In India, a significant number of people suffer from TB, and many faces catastrophic costs. Our objective was to determine the predictors of catastrophic costs due to TB among co-prevalent TB-HIV and TB-diabetes patients. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study among 234 patients co-affected with TB-HIV and 304 patients with TB-diabetes co-prevalence in the Bhavnagar region (western part of India). TB costs was estimated using a validated questionnaire. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine the significant predictors of catastrophic costs of TB. Results: Four percent of patients in each group incurred catastrophic costs due to TB. Female gender [aOR 6 (1.2-33)], being single [aOR 9 (1.5-52)], low socioeconomic status [aOR 7 (1.2-30)], private con-sultation for TB [aOR 9 (1.5-53)], and hospitalization in first HIV visit [aOR 19 (3-137)] were significant-ly predicted catastrophic costs of TB among patients co-affected with TB-HIV. Among patients with TB-diabetes co-prevalence, hospitalization in first TB visit [aOR 7 (2-29)], and private consultation for TB [aOR 7 (1.6-30)] were the significant predictors. Conclusions: Despite a lower percentage of TB-HIV/ TB-diabetes patients facing catastrophic costs, hospitalization and private care-seeking are the “modifiable” determinants of TB catastrophic costs in our study setting.

Infección tuberculosa latente en niños de riesgo / Latent tuberculosis infection in children at risk

Introducción: En países de baja prevalencia la mayoría de los casos de tuberculosis se deben a reactivación de infección tuberculosa latente. Objetivo: Examinar la incidencia de infección tuberculosa latente en niños pertenecientes a grupos vulnerables a la tuberculosis. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, transversal y prospectivo en 85 menores de 19 años asintomáticos, 68 pertenecientes a algunos grupos vulnerables a la tuberculosis atendidos en el Hospital Pediátrico Centro Habana y en el Instituto de Oncología y Radiobiología y un grupo control de 17 adolescentes sanos, provenientes de la Escuela de Enfermería de la Facultad Calixto García, periodo abril-junio 2016. A todos se les realizó examen clínico, evaluación nutricional, radiología torácica y prueba de tuberculina. Resultados: De los 85 estudiados, 41 padecían enfermedades crónicas: 12 diabéticos, 11tenían enfermedad del colágeno, 9 enfermedad renal crónica y 9 enfermedades oncológicas. Todos tenían más de un año de evolución y recibían medicación inmunosupresora (excepto los diabéticos). De los 44 restantes, 27 tuvieron contacto estrecho y frecuente con enfermo de tuberculosis. Predominaron los niños ≥ 10 años (64; 75,3 por ciento), del sexo femenino (49; 57,6 por ciento). Todos estaban vacunados con BCG, con radiografías torácicas normales. Se detectó infección tuberculosa latente en 6 (7,0 por ciento); todos habían estado en contacto con un enfermo. Conclusiones: Existe una baja incidencia de infección tuberculosa latente en los grupos vulnerables estudiados. Los niños en contacto con enfermos son los únicos afectados, lo que puede estar relacionado con la baja tasa de tuberculosis en Cuba y las rápidas acciones de control(AU)

Introduction: Most of the tuberculosis cases in countries with low prevalence of it are due to a reactivation of the latent tuberculosis infection. Objective: To examine the incidence of the latent tuberculosis infection in children of groups vulnerable to tuberculosis. Methods: It was conducted a descriptive, cross-sectional and prospective study in 85 asymptomatic children under 19 years, 68 of them from some groups vulnerable to tuberculosis that were attended in Centro Habana Pediatric Hospital and in the Oncology and Radiobiology Institute; and a control group of 17 healthy adolescents from the Nursing School of Calixto García Faculty, in the period April-June, 2016. All patients underwent a physical examination, nutritional assessment, thoracic radiology and tuberculin test. Results: From the 85 patients studied, 41 suffered chronic diseases: 12 diabetics, 11 had collagen disease, 9 had chronic renal disease and other 9 have oncologic diseases. All patients had an evolution of more than one year and were receiving immunosuppressive medication (except from the diabetics). From the other 44 patients, 27 had close or frequent contact with a tuberculosis patient. There was predominance of children ≥ 10 (64; 75,3 percent) of the female sex (49; 57,6 percent). All of them were vaccinated with BCG and had normal thoracic radiographies. It was detected latent tuberculosis infection in 6 patients (7,0 percent); all of them had had contact with a tuberculosis sufferer. Conclusions: There is low incidence of latent tuberculosis infection in the studied vulnerable groups. Children having contact with tuberculosis sufferers are the only affected, which can be related with the low rate of tuberculosis in Cuba and the fast control actions(AU)